TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS”

TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS” INTRODUCTION Wireless communication and MEMS - the two technologies which have revolutionalized the way we live have also resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks. These comprise of relatively inexpensive sensor nodes capable of collecting, processing, storing and transferring information from one node to another. These nodes are able to autonomously form a network through which sensor readings can be propagated. Since the sensor nodes have some intelligence, data can be processed as it flows through the network. The latter is being done wirelessly these days using networking principles. The flexibility of installation and configuration has greatly improved resulting in a flurry of research activities commencing in the field of sensor networks owing to their ready acceptance in various industries such as security, telecommunications and automobile to name a few. By early next century, sensor integration, coupled with unceasing electronic miniaturization, will make it possible to produce extremely inexpensive sensing devices. These devices will be able to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions: temperature, pressure, humidity, soil makeup, vehicular movement, noise levels, lighting conditions, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, mechanical stress levels on attached objects and so on. These devices will also be equipped with significant processing, memory and wireless communication capabilities. Emerging low-level and low-power wireless communication protocols will enable us to network these sensors. This capability will add a new dimension to the capabilities of sensors: Sensors will be able to coordinate amongst themselves on a higher-level sensing task (e.g., reporting, with greater accuracy than possible with a single sensor, the exact speed, direction, size, and other characteristics of an approaching vehicle). OBJECTIVE The problem being tackled here relates to the problem of target tracking in wireless sensor networks. It is a specific problem in localization. Localization primarily refers to the detection of spatial coordinates of a node or an object. Target tracking deals with finding spatial coordinates of a moving object and being able to track its movements. METHODOLOGY A location Tracking Protocol in which the tracking is done by the coordination of sensors. A network of sensors in a 2D plane is considered. A triangular network is considered i.e. the sensors are placed in a triangular fashion. Typically, the network is considered as a hexagonal mesh. Each sensor is aware of its physical location and that of its neighboring sensors. All the sensors have a processor, a memory and required hardware to support sensing, information gathering and communication capabilities. Each sensor has a sensing radius, r which is equal to the length of the side of the triangle. Three sensors are used to determine the location of the object. The methodology used in this case is the triangulation technique of detecting the spatial coordinates. The sensors in this case are assumed to have different sensing radii. POSSIBLE FINDINGS Applications of target tracking and/or data fusion are found in diverse civilian and military fields. Civilian applications include air traffic control, navigation, fault tolerant systems and decision problems. In the military field, applications include surveillance, target identification, command and control, sensor management and weapon guidance. The target tracking problem is widely researched due to its increasing applications in security industry due to heightened concerns about the safety of men and material in present day world. In order to keep a check on movements of suspicious people and their activities, we have to employ video monitoring and surveillance and tracking systems.

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TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS”

TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS” INTRODUCTION Wireless communication and MEMS - the two technologies which have revolutionalized the way we live have also resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks. These comprise of relatively inexpensive sensor nodes capable of collecting, processing, storing and transferring information from one node to another. These nodes are able to autonomously form a network through which sensor readings can be propagated. Since the sensor nodes have some intelligence, data can be processed as it flows through the network. The latter is being done wirelessly these days using networking principles. The flexibility of installation and configuration has greatly improved resulting in a flurry of research activities commencing in the field of sensor networks owing to their ready acceptance in various industries such as security, telecommunications and automobile to name a few. By early next century, sensor integration, coupled with unceasing electronic miniaturization, will make it possible to produce extremely inexpensive sensing devices. These devices will be able to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions: temperature, pressure, humidity, soil makeup, vehicular movement, noise levels, lighting conditions, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, mechanical stress levels on attached objects and so on. These devices will also be equipped with significant processing, memory and wireless communication capabilities. Emerging low-level and low-power wireless communication protocols will enable us to network these sensors. This capability will add a new dimension to the capabilities of sensors: Sensors will be able to coordinate amongst themselves on a higher-level sensing task (e.g., reporting, with greater accuracy than possible with a single sensor, the exact speed, direction, size, and other characteristics of an approaching vehicle). OBJECTIVE The problem being tackled here relates to the problem of target tracking in wireless sensor networks. It is a specific problem in localization. Localization primarily refers to the detection of spatial coordinates of a node or an object. Target tracking deals with finding spatial coordinates of a moving object and being able to track its movements. METHODOLOGY A location Tracking Protocol in which the tracking is done by the coordination of sensors. A network of sensors in a 2D plane is considered. A triangular network is considered i.e. the sensors are placed in a triangular fashion. Typically, the network is considered as a hexagonal mesh. Each sensor is aware of its physical location and that of its neighboring sensors. All the sensors have a processor, a memory and required hardware to support sensing, information gathering and communication capabilities. Each sensor has a sensing radius, r which is equal to the length of the side of the triangle. Three sensors are used to determine the location of the object. The methodology used in this case is the triangulation technique of detecting the spatial coordinates. The sensors in this case are assumed to have different sensing radii. POSSIBLE FINDINGS Applications of target tracking and/or data fusion are found in diverse civilian and military fields. Civilian applications include air traffic control, navigation, fault tolerant systems and decision problems. In the military field, applications include surveillance, target identification, command and control, sensor management and weapon guidance. The target tracking problem is widely researched due to its increasing applications in security industry due to heightened concerns about the safety of men and material in present day world. In order to keep a check on movements of suspicious people and their activities, we have to employ video monitoring and surveillance and tracking systems.

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TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS”

TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS” INTRODUCTION Wireless communication and MEMS - the two technologies which have revolutionalized the way we live have also resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks. These comprise of relatively inexpensive sensor nodes capable of collecting, processing, storing and transferring information from one node to another. These nodes are able to autonomously form a network through which sensor readings can be propagated. Since the sensor nodes have some intelligence, data can be processed as it flows through the network. The latter is being done wirelessly these days using networking principles. The flexibility of installation and configuration has greatly improved resulting in a flurry of research activities commencing in the field of sensor networks owing to their ready acceptance in various industries such as security, telecommunications and automobile to name a few. By early next century, sensor integration, coupled with unceasing electronic miniaturization, will make it possible to produce extremely inexpensive sensing devices. These devices will be able to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions: temperature, pressure, humidity, soil makeup, vehicular movement, noise levels, lighting conditions, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, mechanical stress levels on attached objects and so on. These devices will also be equipped with significant processing, memory and wireless communication capabilities. Emerging low-level and low-power wireless communication protocols will enable us to network these sensors. This capability will add a new dimension to the capabilities of sensors: Sensors will be able to coordinate amongst themselves on a higher-level sensing task (e.g., reporting, with greater accuracy than possible with a single sensor, the exact speed, direction, size, and other characteristics of an approaching vehicle). OBJECTIVE The problem being tackled here relates to the problem of target tracking in wireless sensor networks. It is a specific problem in localization. Localization primarily refers to the detection of spatial coordinates of a node or an object. Target tracking deals with finding spatial coordinates of a moving object and being able to track its movements. METHODOLOGY A location Tracking Protocol in which the tracking is done by the coordination of sensors. A network of sensors in a 2D plane is considered. A triangular network is considered i.e. the sensors are placed in a triangular fashion. Typically, the network is considered as a hexagonal mesh. Each sensor is aware of its physical location and that of its neighboring sensors. All the sensors have a processor, a memory and required hardware to support sensing, information gathering and communication capabilities. Each sensor has a sensing radius, r which is equal to the length of the side of the triangle. Three sensors are used to determine the location of the object. The methodology used in this case is the triangulation technique of detecting the spatial coordinates. The sensors in this case are assumed to have different sensing radii. POSSIBLE FINDINGS Applications of target tracking and/or data fusion are found in diverse civilian and military fields. Civilian applications include air traffic control, navigation, fault tolerant systems and decision problems. In the military field, applications include surveillance, target identification, command and control, sensor management and weapon guidance. The target tracking problem is widely researched due to its increasing applications in security industry due to heightened concerns about the safety of men and material in present day world. In order to keep a check on movements of suspicious people and their activities, we have to employ video monitoring and surveillance and tracking systems.

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TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS”

TITLE –“ TARGET TRACKING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS” INTRODUCTION Wireless communication and MEMS - the two technologies which have revolutionalized the way we live have also resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks. These comprise of relatively inexpensive sensor nodes capable of collecting, processing, storing and transferring information from one node to another. These nodes are able to autonomously form a network through which sensor readings can be propagated. Since the sensor nodes have some intelligence, data can be processed as it flows through the network. The latter is being done wirelessly these days using networking principles. The flexibility of installation and configuration has greatly improved resulting in a flurry of research activities commencing in the field of sensor networks owing to their ready acceptance in various industries such as security, telecommunications and automobile to name a few. By early next century, sensor integration, coupled with unceasing electronic miniaturization, will make it possible to produce extremely inexpensive sensing devices. These devices will be able to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions: temperature, pressure, humidity, soil makeup, vehicular movement, noise levels, lighting conditions, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, mechanical stress levels on attached objects and so on. These devices will also be equipped with significant processing, memory and wireless communication capabilities. Emerging low-level and low-power wireless communication protocols will enable us to network these sensors. This capability will add a new dimension to the capabilities of sensors: Sensors will be able to coordinate amongst themselves on a higher-level sensing task (e.g., reporting, with greater accuracy than possible with a single sensor, the exact speed, direction, size, and other characteristics of an approaching vehicle). OBJECTIVE The problem being tackled here relates to the problem of target tracking in wireless sensor networks. It is a specific problem in localization. Localization primarily refers to the detection of spatial coordinates of a node or an object. Target tracking deals with finding spatial coordinates of a moving object and being able to track its movements. METHODOLOGY A location Tracking Protocol in which the tracking is done by the coordination of sensors. A network of sensors in a 2D plane is considered. A triangular network is considered i.e. the sensors are placed in a triangular fashion. Typically, the network is considered as a hexagonal mesh. Each sensor is aware of its physical location and that of its neighboring sensors. All the sensors have a processor, a memory and required hardware to support sensing, information gathering and communication capabilities. Each sensor has a sensing radius, r which is equal to the length of the side of the triangle. Three sensors are used to determine the location of the object. The methodology used in this case is the triangulation technique of detecting the spatial coordinates. The sensors in this case are assumed to have different sensing radii. POSSIBLE FINDINGS Applications of target tracking and/or data fusion are found in diverse civilian and military fields. Civilian applications include air traffic control, navigation, fault tolerant systems and decision problems. In the military field, applications include surveillance, target identification, command and control, sensor management and weapon guidance. The target tracking problem is widely researched due to its increasing applications in security industry due to heightened concerns about the safety of men and material in present day world. In order to keep a check on movements of suspicious people and their activities, we have to employ video monitoring and surveillance and tracking systems.

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BASICS OF WEB SERVICES

Web services is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. Web services are classified into two types SOAP and RESTful. SOAP is Simple Object Access Protocol which has its own pre-defiened structure envelope and header REST is Representational State Transfer it does not have any pre defined structure

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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Emerging trends in embedded systems and applications The embedded systems industry was born with the invention of microcontrollers and since then it has evolved into various forms, from primarily being designed for machine control applications to various other new verticals with the convergence of communications. Various classes of embedded systems such as home media systems, portable players, smart phones, embedded medical devices and sensors, automotive embedded systems have surrounded us and with continued convergence of communications and computing functions within these devices, embedded systems are transforming themselves into really complex systems, thus creating newer opportunities and challenges to develop and market more powerful, energy efficient processors, peripherals and other accessories. An embedded system is more than the electronics as most people perceive it. It has electronics – both digital and analog, special purpose sensors and actuators, software, mechanical items etc., and with design challenges of space, weight, cost and power consumption. Its important characteristics are low-power, real-time responsiveness, low thermal dissipation, small physical form factor/footprint, low radiation/emission, ruggedness in design and impervious to external radiations etc. In order to achieve key requirements, generally embedded systems are restricted to limited resources in terms of computing, memory, display size etc. With continued convergence of other technologies a lot more functionalities are being pushed into embedded devices which were once part of traditional computing platforms. This further adds a major “decision challenge” for architects and product managers on selection of processors, operating systems, standards of usage etc., as demands on functionality increase with time to market decreases. Patterns insight from the applications of embedded systems in real life Embedded systems are more than part of human life. For instance, one cannot imagine life without mobile phones for personal communication. Its presence is virtually unavoidable in almost all facets of human endeavor. While we search on patterns in each of these application spaces, we can clearly identify the trend as to where the future of embedded systems is heading. Multicore in embedded With a lot functionalities being added, the need for high performance in embedded systems has become inevitable and so developers are increasingly leaning towards multicore processors in their systems design decision. While this range of new applications also demands low thermals in small form factor setting, the mechanicals and packaging is also becoming a sub specialization of its own. Conventionally, chip manufacturers developed faster single core processors to meet the ever increasing performance requirements but soon they realized that increasing frequency, though offered certain benefits had drawbacks too such as: • It drove to higher power consumption and so the higher thermals; • Overall cost increased as the peripherals surrounding also needed to operate at matching speed, which was truly not practical in all cases, there by driving the costs. This paradigm is a serious drawback for embedded computing requirements, so semiconductor manufacturers have recognized that the way forward is to build processors that run at lower frequency and voltages but include parallel cores onto single chip. The overall performance increases because multicores can perform more than one task at given point of time. Today most of the gaming consoles are multicore and so are smartphones, which are indeed getting 'smarter'. While this multicore paradigm offers benefits, there is also ample opportunity for the engineers to realign/relearn on this new design space – on architecture, design, programming, debugging and testing so that they are well informed and are aware about the optimal use of new power that a multicore offers. If the benefits are not harnessed by developers then the purpose gets defeated. The eco-system for usage of multicore is still emerging and it depends on how fast or rapidly designers are opting for change and standardization. IDE companies have already taken lead in this regard by making necessary changes and adding support for the new multicores and this will clearly be one of the key factors of success of usage of multicores in embedded systems. Another recent development is that the chip suppliers are now making and marketing new chips aiming at specific markets. For instance, Intel launched an embedded processor aiming at the Point of sale terminal and other retail computing applications. Intel's Celeron CPU is extensively being applied to new IP STB designs. Intel is also developing chips for home media systems and portable media players. Companies like Transmeta, Philips semiconductor, Netsilicon etc., are all aiming at embedded apps. Philips is all set to introduce its LPC2000 series MCU based on ARM7 kernel, which has flash memory, RAM, ADC, CAN and PWM channel and can be applied to automotive electronics, industry control and medical equipment, Netsilicon as another example has NET+ARM series processors, among which NS9775 is a 32bit, 200MHz microprocessor including four independent video channels, TI too, is planning new in its most successful OMAP architecture series. Transmeta has Crusoe TM5700 and TM9500 and both offers better performance and form factor is halved compared to its last generation products. Although the demand for processing is ever increasing for new embedded applications, traditional applications are still in mainstream and they are now offering ultra low cost and power requirements and increased onchip memory (both RAM and Flash) with new interfaces are key differentiators companies like Atmel Corp., Microchip Technology Inc., Infineon Technologies AG, RDC Semiconductor Co. Ltd, Epson and other companies are featuring their respective MCU products in these space. Embedded operating systems Traditionally embedded systems did away with an operating system (OS), it had lightweight control program/monitor to offer limited I/O and memory services, however, as the systems became complex, it was inevitable to have OS which offered low latency real-time response, low foot print both in time and space and give all traditional functionality such as memory protection, error checking/report and transparent interprocess communication, which can be applied to communications, consumer electronics, industry controls, automotive electronics and aerospace/national defense. Emerging multicore also needs multimission, multithread, multiprocess, multiprocessor, multiboard debugging and has to operate on open source tool chains such as eclipse etc., most of the new designs today are moving away from proprietary OS and tool chains and are more and more opting for opensource platforms both of development and deployment as the key market differentiator for them is cost. Royalty free licensing deployment is the key for reducing the end user costs so OS like Linux embedded and new OS such as Android are making inroads into places where traditionally Windows CE/Vxworks etc., used to play. Today many new handhelds and smart phones are embracing Andriod. Even Wind River (acquired by Intel has embraced Linux and now offers it in its portfolio of products. Eclipse, the open source project for building development platforms offers an environment that crosses over RTOS boundaries. It comprises extensible frameworks, tools and runtimes for building, deploying and managing software throughout its lifecycle. Embedded digital security and surveillance In the ever increasing interconnected world, Digital embedded security is no more an option but a necessity as it is very critical for more transactions happening over embedded devices as front ends. Due to constrained resources on systems, embedded systems have challenges in implementation on full fledged security systems therefore the concept of 'embedded security' offers a new differentiator for embedded product marketing. Digital security and surveillance is currently in the host of new applications in the embedded arena which is benefiting from multicore phenomenon. Older systems needed more human intervention, but new systems offer intelligent systems to operate multisite, integrated and net centric systems that optimizes the resources needed to complete the job. The applications based on computer vision and tracking offers multiple benefits in capturing, post processing and identification and alerting of security video in realtime. Convergence embedded systems and applications The retail segment is one of the fastest growing segments in emerging markets and the trend in retail markets is moving towards improving the user experience, which is most certainly setting trend towards increased performance, connectivity and rich graphics. A point-of-sale terminal (PoS) is a great example of this - the latest PoS devices incorporate dual-display for advertising, complex accounting applications and are increasingly connected to a central server for remote management. Back end integration with web/online stores from these embedded devices offers to bring in latest offers onto their connected mobiles instantly if they are planning to buy certain item. The location based marketing applications and convergence of Bluetooth based retail communication marketing space is offering new paradigms of sales and marketing which is beneficial for both sellers and buyers. Healthcare Electronic medical device and other technological innovations with the convergence of biotech, nanotech, manufacturing tech, communication tech and device, sensor technologies are making breathtaking transformations in healthcare delivery and creating new health care paradigms. Bio med devices tech is being applied into wide variety of analytical problems including medicine, surgery and drug discovery, these devices are portable diagnostic imaging and home monitoring such as cholesterol monitors, blood glucose meters and with recent innovations paving way for miniaturization of devices, replacement organs and tissues, earlier use of more accurate diagnostics, and advances in information technology, became available thru Silicon Chip revolution. The fastest growing markets within medical for semiconductors are home monitoring and diagnostic devices, telemetry, and diagnostic imaging applications. Interestingly the convergence of wireless communication with the sensors created the BAN – body area network which is today used to monitor, heart – ECG, pulse rate, temperature, oxygen, blood pressure etc., sleep disorders can also be monitored using a clip device fixed to head band. For instance, Corventis develops wireless cardiovascular solutions that offer unprecedented visibility into a patient’s health status – anytime, anywhere across the world. It has developed complete systems – sensors to monitor various critical health parameters – network to communicate between sensors and gateway, gateway application on an iphone and backend clinical application that can store, analyse and help clinical professionals to have unprecedented access to their patients critical system parameters. All these happened because of advancement of sensor, computing, communication technologies. Automotive With drive across the world to improve on emission controls and bring in efficiency in usage of fossil fuels, the automotive segment is challenged by various factors and embedded systems are clearly the ways and means of achieving multiple objectives in this segment taking it from infotainment systems, engine control unit, Car-area-network, fuel management, safety systems all need embedded to be in it. Traffic management and prediction systems are being developed for large cities across the world today and the critical systems that has to support this is M2M or V2V communication networks that, form adhoc networks, seamlessly gather information from multiple sources, fuse and make decision that not only help the car users but also city traffic managers. The realtime management of this is possible only by having embedded computing and communication systems that are part of the vehicle and the network. The usage of vehicle tracking and fleet tracking has already been beneficial for the operators by reducing their opex and downtime which has enhanced the customer satisfaction. This apart, media oriented systems transport (MOST) is one of the technologies being deployed by OEMs for multimedia and infotainment networking. This technology is designed to provide an efficient and cost-effective fabric to transmit audio, video, data and control information between devices attached even to the harsh environment of an automobile. Entertainment While we have seen mobiles, handhelds, ipods etc., have changed the landscape of the personal entertainment in the world in the recent past, the emerging trend is adding more intelligence in the personal entertainment, communication devices by converging the social networks, city information, location based services and choices and profile of the users. All these are going to be delivered through the continuous gathering of intelligence, choices and users and recent transactions. The devices are becoming multimodal, iPod and other new androids offer gesture recognition and also the new devices are offering augmented reality applications that are going to be future killer applications for smart phones – integration of real physical world with the virtual computing world – this drives the camera, display, MEMS based position and other tracking device technology to advance in the smart phone/tablets. Localization and internationalization For all these devices to be sold in world-wide markets, they need to be supported both locally and internationally. The access to global markets can happen only with localization/personalization of features in the device with multi-language support and also backend support offices that offer customized localized services. The usage of different font technologies & adapting newer ones are the key for embedded systems that are human centric to survive and thrive in the market so more and more device manufacturers are working with local partners to ensure that their embedded devices and support systems are localized and offer multi-language local culture flavor in definitive terms. - Lastly, the future of embedded lies in how faster people adapt to the changes offered by convergence – communications, nano, manufacturing and develop “super” applications that advance the society and human needs, let’s hope that our future is also embedded into it.

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Recorder Magic Pen

Hello Friends !!! Recorder is this magic pen that converts your written notes into electronic files and then transfers it to your phone and computer via "Bluetooth". I think it’s a great idea and can actually encourage us writers to take to the book and pen more often. I bet authors and illustrators will love it too! My only wish – it auto spell checks the files..... great invention.

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