Introduction to a "Magic Pen"

Recorder is this magic pen that converts your written notes into electronic files and then transfers it to your phone and computer via "Bluetooth". I think it’s a great idea and can actually encourage us writers to take to the book and pen more often. I bet authors and illustrators will love it too! My only wish – it auto spell checks the files..... great invention..

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*DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIODE AND RECTIFIER**

*DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIODE AND RECTIFIER** Ans->>*A diode is a device that allows flow of current in one direction only. A rectifier is a diode that is able to convert the current from AC to DC. *The rectifier is placed in one of the AC lines before the load. The diode has a small leaked current whenever it is working. *The rectifier is used to purify the circuit. A diode can be reverse biased or forward biased. A forward biased diode is placed in the current’s direction and a reversed biased diode is placed against the flow of current. The depletion region in a forward biased diode is small while the depletion region in a reverse biased diode is big ..

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Hello Friends !!! Recorder is this magic pen that converts your written notes into electronic files and then transfers it to your phone and computer via "Bluetooth". I think it’s a great idea and can actually encourage us writers to take to the book and pen more often. I bet authors and illustrators will love it too! My only wish – it auto spell checks the files..... great invention..

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DEFINE INTERRUPT

DEFINE INTERRUPT
Asynchronous  interrupt, which diverts the attention of the CPU. called interrupt.

If CPU have only one work, then C.P.U. will give the deterministic delay but it can't possible because C.P.U. has a lot of work like it controls the entire unit of C.P.U.

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BASICS OF ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH

BASICS OF ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH

ZIGBEE:

The name ZIGBEE is said to come from the domestic honeybee,which uses a zigbee type of dance to communicate important information to other hive member.
ZIGBEE technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low-cost, wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications.

BLUETOOTH:

Bluetooth aims at connectivity of mobile devices in close. It uses higher data rates,higher power consumption on large packet-device.
In Bluetooth, the network range is small and its longer join time is detrimental(3-sec).
Bluetooth has a network range of 1 to 10 meters and has a protocol stack size of 250 kilo-byte and its batteries are rechargeable.

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BASICS OF INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(I2C)

BASICS OF INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(I2C)

Perior to I2C, chip-to-chip communications used many pins in a parallel interface.Many of these pins were used for inter-chip addressing, selection, control and data transfers. In a parallel interface,
8-data bits are typically transferred from a sender IC to a receiver IC in a single operation.

While

I2C performs chip-to-chip communications using only two wires in a serial interfaces allowing IC's to communicates with fewer pins. Two wires in the I2C bus carry addressing, selection, control, and data one bit at a time.
The Data(SDA) wires carries the data, while the clock(SCL) wire synchronizes the sender and receiver during the transfer.

 

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INTRODUCTION OF UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER(UART)

INTRODUCTION OF UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER(UART)

-- It is a piece of computer n/w,that translate data between parallel & serial forms.
-- UARTS are commonly used in conjuction with communication standards such as RS-232,
    RS-422,RS-485.
-- A UART is usually an individuals integrated circuit used for serial communication over a 
    computer or peripheral device serial port.UART is commonly included in microcontroller.
-- UART is a Asyncronous & it is full duplex.
  

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BASICS OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

BASICS OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

In lot of embedded systems, microcontrollers needs to take analog inputs.Most of the sensors and transducers such as temperature,humidity,pressure are analog.
For interfacing these sensors to the microcontroller,we requires to convert the analog output of these sensors to digital,so that the controller can read it.
One of the most commonly used ADC is ADC0808.ADC 0808 is a successive apporximation type with 8-channels.i.e it can directly access 8 single ended analog signals.

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INTRODUCTION OF CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK

INTRODUCTION OF CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK

CAN is Invented by Robert Bosch Gmbh in 1980.
--CAN(Controller Area N/W) is a serial communication protocol,which efficiently supports distributed real   time controls with a very high level of security.
--IT is basically for automotive,to reduce the complexcity of wire.
--In Automative electronics,connected using CAN with bit-rates up to 1Mbps.
--The Intension of this specification is to achieve compatibility between any two  CAN implementations.
--It is a Asynchronous serial bus.
--Here node addressing is absence.
(a) Message Identifier specifies contents & priority.
(b) Lowest message identifier has highest priority.
(c) Multi-master/Broadcasting concept.
(d) Sophisiticated error detection & handling system,
(e) Industrial & Automotive applications.

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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASED STREET LIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION (ALSO INCLUDES CENTRALISED MONITORING SYSTEM).

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASED STREET LIGHT MANAGE

This project includes centralized monitoring system where in we can monitor each and every units i.e., street lights which can be monitored by the unit called the server. here street lights can be managed wirelessly using the technology called zigbee.The information of each and every unit can be obtained to the server by GPRS or GSM technoligies.Automated intelligent adaptive street lighting at each pole optimizes lighting levels while saving energy.

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BUS STOP FOR BLIND USING RFID TECHNOLOGY

This project is based on RFID where in we are collecting the bus information and through voice the blind persons which are standing in front of bus stop the bus information like bus no, its source and destination can be said to the blind persons. Initially the particular RID tags are tagged to the bus door and if the bus comes and stands to other particular position where the reader is placed in the stop, the information will get to the blind through voice.

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"A composite personal health monitor solution bridges the gaps between patients and doctors."

"Heart disease and stroke count up to 25% of all death in the world."
"Every 33 seconds, a person dies of heart disease in the U.S."
"90% of the death can be prevented if timely medical actions can be taken."

Human health is an increasingly popular public concern. People spend tons of money on it because once get sick or dead, anything else becomes meaningless. Unfortunately, people always find that it is too late to receive serious medical care when things are already noninvertible. Lots of patients can be cured if early actions can be taken. However, the access to the medical equipment is inconvenient and expensive. Among the most important indexes of the human health, heart rate and body temperature are the most vital ones and they have the advantage of easy access. In addition, unlike the X-ray, the measurement of heart rate and temperature is extremely easy conduct and does no harm to human health itself.

In the current market, there are some personal medical devices which patients can use to do some basic measurement themselves. However, on one hand, since patients generally have little medical background, they have a hard time interpreting the medical measurement into meaningful diagnosis. On the other hand, delivering the raw medical measurement data to the doctors is time-costing and troublesome. Time can never be wasted when emergencies happen, it is critical if information can be shared on large scale coverage within a short of time. Most of the products in the market have these major drawbacks with limitation in flexibility and portability.

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Fingerprint based ignition and door lock

Motor vehicle keys have sometimes been inconviencing basically based on the following facts: -The keys can easilly be locked in the vehicle or misplaced,leading to the unattractive alternative of breaking the door in the former case or re modifying the ignition system in the latter case. -The vehicle can also be easily driven away by someone who manages to get access to the keys The fingerprint based ignition thefore provides a wonderful sollution to the above inconviniences. In the project a fingerprint scanner is supposed to used,preferably connected to a computer system via a usb.Integration should be done with a c++ program and connected to a mdel vehicle.

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Water purification plant control system

You are working as a design engineer at a company that specializes in water treatment plants. You have been given the task to develop the control system software for the 1st stage dosing system of a water purification plant for a manufacturing company. Dirty water, as result of the manufacturing processes, is pumped into a settling tank to allow impurities to settle. To promote the settling process a flocculant must be added to the water in the Mixing Tank before the water enters the Settling Tank. The amount of flocculant required is directly proportional to the amount of impurities in the water. The amount of solids in the water can be measured using a LDR sensor, the amount of impurities reducing the amount of light passing through the water. There are 4 solenoid valves that control the amount of flocculant that is added to the dirty water in the Mixing Tank. The amount of valves to be opened depends on how clear the water is. If the water is clear, all valves would be closed and as the amount of impurities in the water increases so more valves will be opened. The control system must use a PIC16F88 microcontroller and the development work must be done using the Matrix Multimedia development board.

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Some Basic Facts of ARM

                         ........................................Some basic facts of ARM........................................

n  ARM was founded by formerly known as ACORN RISC Machine founded by ACORN COMPUTERS LTD in 1983-85, later named as Advanced Risc Machine in 1990.

n  ARM is basically a general purpose 32 bit processor.

n  ARM is incorporated with the 32 bit controllers manufactured by Philips with the banner name LPC series controllers.

n  ARM family started with the series number from ARM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.

n  The series till ARM 6 were basically 16 bit microcontrollers.

n  ARM 7 was the first 32 bit controller given by ARM.

The even number of series was reserved for the company’s R&D purpose and the odd version was released to the market for commercial purpose. ARM 10 is the only even series that was released to the market

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Basic Introduction of CISC & RISC for Embedded Engineers

Sr.No 1	CISC Founded in 1970’s	RISC Founded in late 1980’s
2	Needed more number of clock cycles	Designed to work with less or limited number of clock cycles. Usually 1 clock.
3	These had slow memories coupled to processor built using many simple IC’s.	Could be coupled with faster memories
4	The processor was controlled by microcode ROM’s, which were faster than processor.	The processor itself was faster and interfacing other interface did not much affect the overall speed.
5	Code can execute X86 machines code	Code cannot execute code for X86
6	Older CISC did not support pipeline	Supports pipelining
7	Variable Instruction length	Fixed instruction length.
8	Allows value in memory to be used as operands for data processing	Can work only if data is in registers and not in memory directly.(LOAD & STORE )
9	Have very good code density	Have very poor code density.
10	Hardware complexity is less	Hardware complexity is more.

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Introduction of Microcontroller and Embedded Systems

Introduction to Microcontroller...?

The prime uses of microcontroller is to control the operations of a machine using a fixed program that is stored in ROM and that does not change over the life time of the system.

Now a days we are fully surrounded by an embedded system.
Embedded Technology is nothing new its all what's there around us using in our day to day life from years in the form of cell phones, Automatic washing machines,woven,washing machine,coffee maker etc..... 

What do you mean by Embedded System..?

An Embedded System is some combination of Computer Software & Hardware which is dedicated for a particular real time application with pre-programmed microcontroller or microprocessor in it.

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