INTRODUCTION TO LOAD / STORE ARCHITECTURE OF ARM

INTRODUCTION TO  LOAD / STORE ARCHITECTURE OF ARM *        The ARM is a Load / Store Architecture: •         Does not support memory to memory data processing operations. •         Must move data values into registers before using them. *        This might sound inefficient, but in practice...

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INTRODUCTION TO THUMB STATE REGISTER

27 registers are present in the THUMB mode compared to 37 in ARM mode ...

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INTRODUCTION TO CPU REGISTER

CPU Registers The ARM CPU provides in user mode 16 general purpose registers (R0 - R15) and a Program Status Register (PSR). By software and hardware conventions, the following register have a special meaning: R13 is used as stack pointer (SP) that holds the current stack address R14 is used as link register (LR) that saves return address for the BL and BLX instruction, R15 is used as program counter (PC) that points to...

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OPERATING MODES IN ARM

 OPERATING MODES in ARM ARM supports 7 modes of operation. • ARM core modes of operation: • User (usr): Normal program execution state • FIQ (fiq): Data transfer state (fast irq, DMA-type transfer) • IRQ (iqr): Used for general interrupt services • Supervisor (svc): Protected mode for operating system support • Abort mode (abt): Selected when data or instruction fetch is aborted • System (sys): Operating system ‘privilege’-mode for user • Undefined (und): Selected when undefined instruction is fetched The ARM processor has...

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INTRODUCTION TO ARM AND THUMB MODE

INTRODUCTION TO ARM & THUMB MODE : ARM MODE: Always executed in the 32 bit data format, word-aligned ARM instructions. The ARM Instruction Set is selected after CPU reset or an interrupt. The data or the opcode are accessed as 32 bit data. ARM mode is executed for all the modes available in 6 modes except USER mode. The execution is always faster and is always seen in privileged mode. Thumb mode: Always executed in User mode and is always executed by accessing the data and code in the 16 bit format and are half word-aligned....

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INTRODUCTION TO IAP

INTRODUCTION TO IAP( In Application Programming) This is a unique programming technique and a feature provided by latest controllers where the user could program the controller when the application code is under execution. This gives the user a flexibility to change the value of a variable when the program is executing, and the user can see that the program will take the new modified value from the variable register when-ever it access the...

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INTRODUCTION TO ISP

INTRODUCTION TO ISP( In System Programming) In a simple way, ISP can be defined as a programming concept where the controller is programmed without removing it from the board and without using any external programming device. ISP needs an UART for programming the controller. In older systems and 8 bit controllers the user had to carefully remove the controller from the target device and mount it on a separate device called “programmer”,...

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IMPORTANT FEATURE OF LPC-2129

Important features of LPC - 2129: 1.      Comes in 64 pin package with 46 GPIO port pins. 2.      16KB of On-chip Static RAM to store Code &/or Data. 3.      256KB of flash memory. 4.      External 8, 16, or 32 bit BUS. 5.      ARM supports 1½ port concept. 6.      On chip crystal oscillator...

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FEATURES OF ARM7 TDMI-S

FEATURES OF ARM7 TDMI-S 1.      It is a general purpose 32 bit controller. 2.  Follows Von- Neumann Architecture i.e program and data memory are in the same area of memory. 3.      Supports 3 stage of pipelining. 4.      Supports Load and Store Architecture. 5.      By default it is Little Endian memory organization. 6.      Supports AMBA bus architecture. LPC 21XX series of microcontroller are based...

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KNOWING THE NOMENCLATURE OF ARM FAMILY

KNOWING THE NOMENCLATURE OF ARM FAMILY n      ARM-XYZ  TDMI  EJF- S X -  series of ARM processor Y -  Support of CACHE MEMORY Z – Support of Memory management and Memory protection Unit. T – Thumb architecture Support of 16 bit instruction. D – Debugger support M – Fast Multiplier I – Embedded ICE - In Circuit Emulator E – Embedded Trace Macro-cell. J – Jazelle Instruction set / Java byte code, support to java programs F – Floating point co-processor S – Synthesizable version...

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BASICS OF TIMERBASICS OF TIMER

BASICS OF TIMER Basically it is used to generate the delay. Timer Reg.is used to count clock_pulse. Timer reg.is of 2-types: Timer 0 & Timer 1 and both is of 16-bit wide. Both timer 0 & 1 uses the same register. Register used: TMOD & TCON(Both are 8-bit / bit addressable) ...

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DEFINE INTERRUPT

DEFINE INTERRUPT Asynchronous  interrupt, which diverts the attention of the CPU. called interrupt. If CPU have only one work, then C.P.U. will give the deterministic delay but it can't possible because C.P.U. has a lot of work like it controls the entire unit of C.P.U...

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BASICS OF JAVA

BASICS OF JAVA Java was introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1995 and instantly created a new sense of the interactive possibilities of the web.Originally it was called Oak.It was mainly developed for the development of software for consumer electronic devices.Both of the major web browsers include a Java virtual machine(JVM). Almost all major operating system developers (IBM, Microsoft and others) have added Java complier as part of their product offerings. It is a platform independent language. It is the first programming language that is not tied...

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INTRODUCTION OF BLUETOOTH

Introduction of Bluetooth Bluetooth is a low-power,short-distance radio technology, originally developed as a cable replacement to connect devices such as mobile phone handsets,headsets and portable computers. Bluetooth uses frequency spectrum in the range of  2400 MHz to 2483.5 MHz. Bluetooth allows both time critical data communication like voice and audio,as well as high speed,time insensitive packet data communication. Data rate via Bluetooth...

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BASICS OF ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH

BASICS OF ZIGBEE AND BLUETOOTH ZIGBEE: The name ZIGBEE is said to come from the domestic honeybee,which uses a zigbee type of dance to communicate important information to other hive member. ZIGBEE technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low-cost, wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control applications. BLUETOOTH: Bluetooth aims at connectivity of mobile devices in close. It uses higher data...

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BASICS OF INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(I2C)

BASICS OF INTER-INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(I2C) Perior to I2C, chip-to-chip communications used many pins in a parallel interface.Many of these pins were used for inter-chip addressing, selection, control and data transfers. In a parallel interface, 8-data bits are typically transferred from a sender IC to a receiver IC in a single operation. While I2C performs chip-to-chip communications using only two wires in a serial interfaces allowing IC's to...

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INTRODUCTION OF UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER(UART)

INTRODUCTION OF UNIVERSAL ASYNCHRONOUS RECEIVER/TRANSMITTER(UART) -- It is a piece of computer n/w,that translate data between parallel & serial forms. -- UARTS are commonly used in conjuction with communication standards such as RS-232,     RS-422,RS-485. -- A UART is usually an individuals integrated circuit used for serial communication over a      computer or peripheral device serial port.UART is commonly...

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BASICS OF INTERPRETER AND COMPILER

BASICS OF INTERPRETER AND COMPILER There are two general methods by which a program can be executed: (a) Compiler (b) Interpreter Compiler: -- A Compiler reads the entire program & converts it into object code,which is a translation    of the programs source code into a form that the computer can execute directly. -- Object code is also referred to as binary code or machine code.Once the program is compiled,     aline of source code is no longer meaningful in the execution of your program. Interpreter: -- An Interpreter...

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MOST EXPENSIVE MOBILE PHONE COST Rs.10 CRORES

MOST EXPENSIVE MOBILE PHONE COST Rs.10 CRORES Goldvish Le million is officially the most expensive mobile phone in the world. This has been placed in Guinesss Books of Records. Its feature consists of a blinding 120 carats worth of VVS-1 grade diamond. Its costs $1.6 million dollars. It is rumored that 3 Russians in whole world own of these. ...

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BASICS OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER

BASICS OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER In lot of embedded systems, microcontrollers needs to take analog inputs.Most of the sensors and transducers such as temperature,humidity,pressure are analog. For interfacing these sensors to the microcontroller,we requires to convert the analog output of these sensors to digital,so that the controller can read it. One of the most commonly used ADC is ADC0808.ADC 0808 is a successive apporximation type with...

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VECHILE STATUS CONTROL IN MODERN TIME

VECHILE STATUS CONTROL In day to days life ,we forgot to check the status of our vechile and we move outside and if vechile is stopped down than we understand what fault occurs in vechile. So to over come this problem,what we do is that,we used to find the status of the component like,brake,accelator,light,speed,location of the vechile etc..by using Global Positioning of Satellite system,GSM & CAN. ...

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INTRODUCTION OF CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK

INTRODUCTION OF CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK CAN is Invented by Robert Bosch Gmbh in 1980. --CAN(Controller Area N/W) is a serial communication protocol,which efficiently supports distributed real   time controls with a very high level of security. --IT is basically for automotive,to reduce the complexcity of wire. --In Automative electronics,connected using CAN with bit-rates up to 1Mbps. --The Intension of this specification is to achieve...

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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASED STREET LIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION (ALSO INCLUDES CENTRALISED MONITORING SYSTEM).

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASED STREET LIGHT MANAGE This project includes centralized monitoring system where in we can monitor each and every units i.e., street lights which can be monitored by the unit called the server. here street lights can be managed wirelessly using the technology called zigbee.The information of each and every unit can be obtained to the server by GPRS or GSM technoligies.Automated intelligent adaptive street lighting at...

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BUS STOP FOR BLIND USING RFID TECHNOLOGY

This project is based on RFID where in we are collecting the bus information and through voice the blind persons which are standing in front of bus stop the bus information like bus no, its source and destination can be said to the blind persons. Initially the particular RID tags are tagged to the bus door and if the bus comes and stands to other particular position where the reader is placed in the stop, the information will get to the...

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"A composite personal health monitor solution bridges the gaps between patients and doctors."

"Heart disease and stroke count up to 25% of all death in the world.""Every 33 seconds, a person dies of heart disease in the U.S.""90% of the death can be prevented if timely medical actions can be taken." Human health is an increasingly popular public concern. People spend tons of money on it because once get sick or dead, anything else becomes meaningless. Unfortunately, people always find that it is too late to receive serious medical care...

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Fingerprint based ignition and door lock

Motor vehicle keys have sometimes been inconviencing basically based on the following facts: -The keys can easilly be locked in the vehicle or misplaced,leading to the unattractive alternative of breaking the door in the former case or re modifying the ignition system in the latter case. -The vehicle can also be easily driven away by someone who manages to get access to the keys The fingerprint based ignition thefore provides a wonderful sollution...

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Water purification plant control system

You are working as a design engineer at a company that specializes in water treatment plants. You have been given the task to develop the control system software for the 1st stage dosing system of a water purification plant for a manufacturing company. Dirty water, as result of the manufacturing processes, is pumped into a settling tank to allow impurities to settle. To promote the settling process a flocculant must be added to the water in the Mixing Tank before the water enters the Settling Tank. The amount of flocculant required is directly...

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Walking Stick with Heart Attack Detection

INTRODUCTION: The ECG circuitry unit on the wrist captures abnormal heart beat signal from the patient. The micro controller on the stick runs a heart attack algorithm. Warning is given out to the person about his heart condition. The Bluetooth emergency calling system calls for medical help at the moment of heart attack. ITS BLOCK DIAGRAM AT89C52 User Mobile LCD Power Supply Bluetooth...

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Some Basic Facts of ARM

                         ........................................Some basic facts of ARM........................................ n  ARM was founded by formerly known as ACORN RISC Machine founded by ACORN COMPUTERS LTD in 1983-85, later named as Advanced Risc Machine in 1990. n  ARM is basically a general purpose...

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Basic Introduction of CISC & RISC for Embedded Engineers

Sr.No 1 CISC Founded in 1970’s RISC Founded in late 1980’s 2 Needed more number of clock cycles Designed to work with less or limited number of clock cycles. Usually 1 clock. 3 These had slow memories coupled to processor built using many simple IC’s. Could be coupled with faster memories 4 The processor was controlled by microcode ROM’s, which were faster than processor. The processor itself was faster and interfacing other interface did not much affect the overall speed. 5 Code can execute X86 machines code Code...

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